Each specialist is listed from one of two public sources, shown on every card:

✓ Sourced from institution — taken from the hospital or medical school’s own official faculty/provider directory.

📋 Registry-listed — taken from the U.S. national provider registry (NPPES), restricted to clinicians whose registered specialty and practice address match the institution’s main campus. The “checked” date shows when we captured it.

Either label confirms only that the clinician practices in that specialty at that institution. We do not independently verify clinical skill, surgical case volume, complication rates, or outcomes, and listing here is not an endorsement. For rare or complex procedures, ask each surgeon directly how many they perform per year, and seek a second opinion. Always confirm current details with the provider’s office. Spotted an error? Use the “⚑ Report inaccuracy” link on any card.